doc/manual.docbook
author Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
Tue, 10 Nov 2009 11:40:55 +0000
branchdebian
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:lang="en"
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  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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<info>
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  <title>Sharing Mercurial repositories with mercurial-server</title>
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  <author><firstname>Paul</firstname><surname>Crowley</surname></author>
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  <copyright><year>2009</year><holder>Paul Crowley, LShift Ltd</holder></copyright>
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</info>
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<section>
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<title>About mercurial-server</title>
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<para>
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Home page: <link xlink:href="http://www.lshift.net/mercurial-server.html"/>
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</para>
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<para>
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mercurial-server gives your developers remote read/write access to
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centralized <link xlink:href="http://hg-scm.org/">Mercurial</link>
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repositories using SSH public key authentication; it provides convenient
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and fine-grained key management and access control.
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</para>
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<para>
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Though mercurial-server is currently targeted at Debian-based systems such
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as Ubuntu, other users have reported success getting it running on other
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Unix-based systems such as Red Hat. Running it on a non-Unix system such as
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Windows is not supported. You will need root privileges to install it.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Step by step</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server authenticates users not using passwords but using SSH
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public keys; everyone who wants access to a mercurial-server repository
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will need such a key. In combination with <command>ssh-agent</command> (or
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equivalents such as the Windows program <link
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xlink:href="http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter9.html#pageant">Pageant</link>),
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this means that users will not need to type in a password to access the
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repository. If you're not familiar with SSH public keys, the <link
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xlink:href="http://sial.org/howto/openssh/publickey-auth/">OpenSSH Public
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Key Authentication tutorial</link> may be helpful.
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</para>
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<section>
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<title>Initial access to mercurial-server</title>
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<para>
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In what follows, we assume that your username is <systemitem
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class="username">jay</systemitem>, that you usually sit at a machine called
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<systemitem class="systemname">spoon</systemitem> and you have
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installed mercurial-server on <systemitem
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class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem> using the package management system (see the README for more on installation). We assume that you have created your SSH public key, set up your SSH agent with this key, and that this key gives you access to <systemitem
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class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>.  
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh -A jeeves</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh-add -L > my-key</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo mkdir -p /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo cp my-key /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay/spoon</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>exit</userinput>
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<computeroutput>Connection to jeeves closed.
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jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>
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<para>
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You can now create repositories on the remote machine and have complete
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read-write access to all of them.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Creating repositories</title>
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<para>
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To store a repository on the server, clone it over.
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd myproj</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone . ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>
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<computeroutput>searching for changes
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remote: adding changesets
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remote: adding manifests
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remote: adding file changes
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remote: added 119 changesets with 284 changes to 61 files
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jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg pull ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>
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<computeroutput>pulling from ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project
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searching for changes
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no changes found
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd ..</userinput>
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jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Adding other users</title>
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<para>
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At this stage, no-one but you has any access to any repositories you
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create on this system. In order to give anyone else access, you'll need a
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copy of their SSH public key; we'll assume you have that key in
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<filename>~/sam-saucer-key.pub</filename>.  To manage access, you make changes to the special <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin</userinput>
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<computeroutput>destination directory: hgadmin
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no changes found
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updating working directory
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0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd hgadmin</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>mkdir -p keys/users/sam</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>cp ~/sam-saucer-key.pub keys/users/sam/saucer</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg add</userinput>
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<computeroutput>adding keys/users/sam/saucer
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jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg commit -m "Add Sam's key"</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg push</userinput>
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<computeroutput>pushing to ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin
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searching for changes
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remote: adding changesets
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remote: adding manifests
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remote: adding file changes
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remote: added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files
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jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput></screen>
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<para>
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Sam can now read and write to your
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<uri>ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</uri> repository.
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Most other changes to access control can be made simply by making and
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pushing changes to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and you can use Mercurial to
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cooperate with other root users in the normal way.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you prefer, you could give them access by
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logging into <systemitem class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>,
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putting the key in the right place under <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>, and re-running
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<userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>.
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However, using <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> is usually more convenient if you need to make more than a very few changes; it also makes it easier to share administration with others and provides a log of all changes.
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</para>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Access control</title>
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Out of the box, mercurial-server supports two kinds of users: "root" users and normal users.  If you followed the steps above, you are a "root" user because your key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/root</filename>, while the other user you gave access to is a normal user since their key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  Keys that are not in either of these directories will by default have no access to anything.
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</para>
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<para>
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Root users can edit <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, create new repositories and read and write to existing ones.  Normal users cannot access <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> or create new repositories, but they can read and write to any other repository.
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</para>
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<section>
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<title>Using access.conf</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server offers much more fine-grained access control than this division into two classes of users.  Let's suppose you wish to give Pat access to the <filename
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class='directory'>widget</filename> repository, but no other.  We first copy Pat's SSH public key into the <filename
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class='directory'>keys/pat</filename> directory in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.  This tells mercurial-server about Pat's key, but gives Pat no access to anything because the key is not under either <filename
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class='directory'>keys/root</filename> or <filename
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class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  To grant this key access, we must give mercurial-server a new access rule, so we create a file in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> called <filename>access.conf</filename>, with the following contents:</para>
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<programlisting># Give Pat access to the "widget" repository
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write repo=widget user=pat
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Pat will have read and write access to the <filename
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class='directory'>widget</filename> repository as soon as we add, commit, and push these files.
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</para>
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<para>
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Each line of <filename>access.conf</filename> has the following syntax:
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</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>rule</replaceable> <replaceable>condition</replaceable> <replaceable>condition...</replaceable>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Blank lines and lines that start with <code>#</code> are ignored. Rule is
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one of
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<literal>init</literal>: allow reads, writes, and the creation of new repositories
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>write</literal>: allow reads and writes
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>read</literal>: allow only read operations
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>deny</literal>: deny all requests
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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A condition is a globpattern matched against a relative path. The two most
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important conditions are
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<code>user=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the user's key
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<code>repo=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the repository
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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<code>*</code> only matches one directory level, where <code>**</code>
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matches as many as you want. More precisely, <code>*</code> matches zero or
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more characters not including <code>/</code> while <code>**</code> matches
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zero or more characters including <code>/</code>. So
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<code>projects/*</code> matches <filename
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class='directory'>projects/foo</filename> but not <filename
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class='directory'>projects/foo/bar</filename>, while
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<code>projects/**</code> matches both.
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</para>
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<para>
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When considering a request, mercurial-server steps through all the rules in
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<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and then all the
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rules in <filename>access.conf</filename> in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>
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looking for a rule which matches on every condition. The first match
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determines whether the request will be allowed; if there is no match in
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either file, the request will be denied.
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</para>
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<para>
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By default, <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> has the
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following rules:
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</para>
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<programlisting>init user=root/**
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deny repo=hgadmin
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write user=users/**
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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These rules ensure that root users can do any operation on any repository,
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that no other users can access the <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository,
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and that those with keys in <filename
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class='directory'>keys/users</filename> can read or write to any repository
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but not create repositories.  Some examples of how these rules work:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> creates a repository
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<filename class='directory'>foo/bar/baz</filename>. This matches the first
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rule and so will be allowed.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> changes repository
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<filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. Again, this matches the
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first rule and so will be allowed; later rules have no effect.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to read
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repository <filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. This does not
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match the first rule, but matches the second, and so will be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to create
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repository <filename class='directory'>sams-project</filename>. This does
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not match the first two rules, but matches the third; this is a
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<literal>write</literal> rule, which doesn't grant the privilege to create
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repositories, so the request will be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> writes to existing
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repository <filename class='directory'>projects/main</filename>. Again,
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this matches the third rule, which allows the request.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>pat</filename> tries to write to existing
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repository <filename class='directory'>widget</filename>. Until we change
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the <filename>access.conf</filename> file in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, this will match no rule, and so will
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be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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Any request from a user whose key not under the <filename
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class='directory'>keys</filename> directory at all will always be denied,
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no matter what rules are in effect; because of the way SSH authentication
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works, they will be prompted to enter a password, but no password will
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work. This can't be changed.
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>/etc/mercurial-server and hgadmin</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server consults two distinct locations to collect information about what to allow: <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> and its own <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.  This is useful for several reasons:
125
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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Some users may not need the convenience of access control via mercurial; for these users updating <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> may offer a simpler route.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> is suitable
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for management with tools such as <link
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xlink:href="http://reductivelabs.com/products/puppet">Puppet</link>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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If a change to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> leaves you "locked out", <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> allows you a way back in.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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At install time, all users are "locked out", and so some mechanism to allow some users in is needed.
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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Rules in <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> are checked before those in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and keys in <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> will be present no matter how <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> changes.
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</para>
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<para>
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We anticipate that once mercurial-server is successfully installed and
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working you will usually want to use <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> for most
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access control tasks. Once you have the right keys and
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<filename>access.conf</filename> set up in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, you
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can delete <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and all
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of <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>,
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turning control entirely over to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.
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</para>
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<para>
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<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/remote-hgrc</filename> is in the
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<systemitem>HGRCPATH</systemitem> for all remote access to mercurial-server
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repositories. This file contains the hooks that mercurial-server uses for
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access control and logging. You can add hooks to this file, but obviously
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breaking the existing hooks will disable the relevant functionality and
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isn't advisable.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>File and branch conditions</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server supports file and branch conditions, which restrict an
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operation depending on what files it modifies and what branch the work is
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on. </para>
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<caution>
128
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The way these conditions work is subtle and can be counterintuitive. Unless
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you need what they provide, ignore this section, stick to user and repo
140
0f79d1bea07e Beef up the caution
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conditions, and then things are likely to work the way you would expect. If
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you do need what they provide, read what follows very carefully.
121
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</caution>
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<para>
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File and branch conditions are added to the conditions against which a rule
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matches, just like user and repo conditions; they have this form:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<code>file=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: file within the repo
121
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<code>branch=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: Mercurial branch name
121
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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However, in order to understand what effect adding these conditions will
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have, it helps to understand how and when these rules are applied.
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</para>
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<para>
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The rules file is used to make three decisions:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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Whether to allow a repository to be created
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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   358
Whether to allow any access to a repository
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
139
b7e78f9705e6 There are only three decisions, honest
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   361
Whether to allow a changeset
121
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   362
</listitem>
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   363
</itemizedlist>
120
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   364
<para>
121
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   365
When the first two of these decisions are being made, nothing is known
139
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diff changeset
   366
about any changsets that might be pushed, and so all file and branch
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   367
conditions automatically succeed for the purpose of such decisions. For the
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diff changeset
   368
third condition, every file changed in the changeset must be allowed by a
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diff changeset
   369
<literal>write</literal> or <literal>init</literal> rule for the changeset
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diff changeset
   370
to be allowed.
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diff changeset
   371
</para>
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diff changeset
   372
<para>
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diff changeset
   373
This means that doing tricky things with file conditions can have
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diff changeset
   374
counterintuitive consequences:
121
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   375
</para>
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diff changeset
   376
<itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   377
<listitem>
149
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diff changeset
   378
<para>You cannot limit read access to a subset of a repository with a <literal>read</literal>
121
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diff changeset
   379
rule and a file condition: any user who has access to a repository can read
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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diff changeset
   380
all of it and its full history. Such a rule can only have the effect of
149
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diff changeset
   381
masking a later <literal>write</literal> rule, as in this example:</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
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diff changeset
   382
<programlisting>read repo=specialrepo file=dontwritethis
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diff changeset
   383
write repo=specialrepo
121
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diff changeset
   384
</programlisting>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   385
<para>
149
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diff changeset
   386
allows all users to read <literal>specialrepo</literal>, and to write to all files
121
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diff changeset
   387
<emphasis>except</emphasis> that any changeset which writes to
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   388
<filename>dontwritethis</filename> will be rejected.
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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diff changeset
   389
</para>
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   390
</listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   391
<listitem>
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   392
For similar reasons, don't give <literal>init</literal> rules file conditions.
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   393
</listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   394
<listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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diff changeset
   395
<para>Don't try to deny write access to a particular file on a particular
149
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   396
branch&#x2014;a developer can write to the file on another branch and then merge
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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diff changeset
   397
it in. Either deny all writes to the branch from that user, or allow them
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   398
to write to all the files they can write to on any branch.
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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diff changeset
   399
</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
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parents: 143
diff changeset
   400
<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs file=docs/*
121
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   401
</programlisting>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   402
<para>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   403
This rule grants users whose keys are in the <filename
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   404
class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to push changesets
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   405
into any repository only if those changesets are on the
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   406
<literal>docs</literal> branch and they affect only those files directly
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   407
under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory. However,
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   408
the rules below have more counterintuitive consequences.
121
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   409
</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
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parents: 143
diff changeset
   410
<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
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parents: 143
diff changeset
   411
write user=docs/* file=docs/*
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 143
diff changeset
   412
read user=docs/*
121
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   413
</programlisting>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   414
<para>
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   415
These rules grant users whose keys are in the <filename
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class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to change any file directly under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory, or any file at all in the <literal>docs</literal> branch.  Indirectly, however, this adds up to the power to change any file on any branch, simply by making the change on the docs branch and then merging the change into another branch.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>How mercurial-server works</title>
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<para>
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All of the repositories controlled by mercurial-server are owned by a
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single user, the <systemitem
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class="username">hg</systemitem> user, which is why all URLs for
155
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mercurial-server repositories start with <uri>ssh://hg@...</uri>.
126
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Each SSH key that has access to the repository has an entry in
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<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>; this is how the SSH daemon
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knows to give that key access. When the user connects over SSH, their
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commands are run in a custom restricted shell; this shell knows which key
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was used to connect, determines what the user is trying to do, checks the
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access rules to decide whether to allow it, and if allowed invokes
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Mercurial internally, without forking.
126
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</para>
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<para>
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This restricted shell also ensures that certain Mercurial extensions are
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loaded when the user acts on a repository; these extensions check the
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access control rules for any changeset that the user tries to commit, and
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log all pushes and pulls into a per-repository access log.
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</para>
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<para>
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<command>refresh-auth</command> recurses through the <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> and the <filename
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class='directory'>keys</filename> directory in the
154
45dac87ae794 Repository names are directories
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<filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository, creating an entry in
126
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<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> for each one. This is redone
154
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automatically whenever a change is pushed to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.
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   452
</para>
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   453
</section>
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   454
<section>
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<title>Security</title>
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   456
<para>
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mercurial-server relies entirely on <command>sshd</command> to grant access to remote users.
120
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As a result, it runs no daemons, installs no setuid programs, and no part
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   459
of it runs as <systemitem
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   460
class="username">root</systemitem> except the install process: all programs run as the user
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   461
<systemitem
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class="username">hg</systemitem>. Any attack on mercurial-server can only be started if the attacker
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already has a public key in <filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>,
151
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otherwise <command>sshd</command> will bar the way.
120
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</para>
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   466
<para>
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   467
No matter what command the user tries to run on the remote system via SSH,
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mercurial-server is run. It parses the command line the user asked for, and
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   469
interprets and runs the corresponding operation itself if access is
120
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allowed, so users can only read and add to history within repositories;
151
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   471
they cannot run any other command. In addition, every push and pull is
120
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   472
logged with a datestamp, changeset ID and the key that performed the
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   473
operation.
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   474
</para>
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   475
<para>
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   476
However, while the first paragraph holds no matter what bugs
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   477
mercurial-server contains, the second depends on the relevant code being
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   478
correct; though the entire codebase is short, mercurial-server is a fairly
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   479
new program and may harbour bugs. Backups are essential!
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   480
</para>
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   481
</section>
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   482
<section>
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   483
<title>Legalese</title>
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<para>
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
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   487
Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
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any later version.
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</para>
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<para>
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
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or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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   494
more details.
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</para>
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<para>
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   497
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
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   498
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
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   499
Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
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   500
</para>
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</section>
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   502
<section>
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   503
<title>Thanks</title>
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   504
<para>
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   505
Thanks for reading this far. If you use mercurial-server, please tell me about
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   506
it.
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   507
</para>
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   508
<para>
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diff changeset
   509
Paul Crowley, <email>paul@lshift.net</email>, 2009
119
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   510
</para>
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   511
</section>
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   512
</article>
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parents:
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   513