doc/manual.docbook
author David Douard <david.douard@logilab.fr>
Wed, 05 Mar 2014 12:16:46 +0100
changeset 373 a286d6c6b19c
parent 372 80f78674c56e
child 374 7a1d6b228af6
permissions -rw-r--r--
Log phase transitions (draft->public) Ensure phase transitions are logged in the mercurial-server.log file
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:lang="en"
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  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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<info>
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  <title>Sharing Mercurial repositories with mercurial-server</title>
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  <author><firstname>Paul</firstname><surname>Crowley</surname></author>
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  <copyright><year>2008-2012</year><holder>Paul Crowley, LShift Ltd</holder></copyright>
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</info>
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<section>
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<title>About mercurial-server</title>
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<para>
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Home page: <link xlink:href="http://www.lshift.net/mercurial-server.html"/>
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</para>
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<para>
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mercurial-server gives your developers remote read/write access to
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centralized <link xlink:href="http://hg-scm.org/">Mercurial</link>
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repositories using SSH public key authentication; it provides convenient
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and fine-grained key management and access control.
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It provides access control for <link xlink:href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/Phases">phases</link>
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move (from "draft" to "public").
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</para>
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<para>
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Though mercurial-server is currently targeted at Debian-based systems such
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as Ubuntu, other users have reported success getting it running on other
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Unix-based systems such as Red Hat. Running it on a non-Unix system such as
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Windows is not supported. You will need root privileges to install it.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Step by step</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server authenticates users not using passwords but using SSH
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public keys; everyone who wants access to a mercurial-server repository
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will need such a key. In combination with <command>ssh-agent</command> (or
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equivalents such as the Windows program <link
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xlink:href="http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter9.html#pageant">Pageant</link>),
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this means that users will not need to type in a password to access the
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repository. If you're not familiar with SSH public keys, the <link
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xlink:href="http://sial.org/howto/openssh/publickey-auth/">OpenSSH Public
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Key Authentication tutorial</link> may be helpful.
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</para>
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<para>
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When mercurial-server is installed, a new user account called <systemitem
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class="username">hg</systemitem> will be created; this user's home directory will be where all repositories will be stored, so you should ensure that it has enough space and suchlike.</para>
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<section>
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<title>Initial access to mercurial-server</title>
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<para>
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In what follows, we assume that your username is <systemitem
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class="username">jay</systemitem>, that you usually sit at a machine called
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<systemitem class="systemname">spoon</systemitem> and you have
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installed mercurial-server on <systemitem
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class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem> using the package management system (see the README for more on installation). We assume that you have created your SSH public key, set up your SSH agent with this key, and that this key gives you access to <systemitem
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class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>.
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh -A jeeves</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh-add -L > my-key</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo mkdir -p /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo cp my-key /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay/spoon</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>exit</userinput>
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<computeroutput>Connection to jeeves closed.
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jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>
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<para>
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You can now create repositories on the remote machine and have complete
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read-write access to all of them.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Creating repositories</title>
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<para>
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To store a repository on the server, clone it over.
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg init myproj</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd myproj</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>editor program.c</userinput> <lineannotation>...create project files here...</lineannotation>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg add</userinput>
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<computeroutput>adding program.c
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jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg commit -m "Initial checkin"</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone . ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>
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<computeroutput>searching for changes
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remote: adding changesets
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remote: adding manifests
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remote: adding file changes
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remote: added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files
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jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg pull ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>
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<computeroutput>pulling from ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project
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searching for changes
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no changes found
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jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd ..</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Adding other users</title>
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<para>
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At this stage, no-one but you has any access to any repositories you
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create on this system. In order to give anyone else access, you'll need a
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copy of their SSH public key; we'll assume you have that key in
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<filename>~/sam-saucer-key.pub</filename>.  To manage access, you make changes to the special <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.
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</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin</userinput>
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<computeroutput>destination directory: hgadmin
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no changes found
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updating working directory
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0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd hgadmin</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>mkdir -p keys/users/sam</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>cp ~/sam-saucer-key.pub keys/users/sam/saucer</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg add</userinput>
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<computeroutput>adding keys/users/sam/saucer
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jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg commit -m "Add Sam's key"</userinput>
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<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg push</userinput>
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<computeroutput>pushing to ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin
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searching for changes
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remote: adding changesets
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remote: adding manifests
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remote: adding file changes
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jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput></screen>
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<para>
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Sam can now read and write to your
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<uri>ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</uri> repository.
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Most other changes to access control can be made simply by making and
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pushing changes to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and you can use Mercurial to
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cooperate with other root users in the normal way.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you prefer, you could give them access by
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logging into <systemitem class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>,
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putting the key in the right place under <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>, and re-running
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<userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>.
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However, using <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> is usually more convenient if you need to make more than a very few changes; it also makes it easier to share administration with others and provides a log of all changes.
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</para>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Access control</title>
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<para>
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Out of the box, mercurial-server supports two kinds of users: "root" users and normal users.  If you followed the steps above, you are a "root" user because your key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/root</filename>, while the other user you gave access to is a normal user since their key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  Keys that are not in either of these directories will by default have no access to anything.
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</para>
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<para>
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Root users can edit <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, create new repositories and read and write to existing ones.  Normal users cannot access <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> or create new repositories, but they can read and write to any other repository.
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</para>
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<section>
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<title>Using access.conf</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server offers much more fine-grained access control than this division into two classes of users.  Let's suppose you wish to give Pat access to the <filename
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class='directory'>widget</filename> repository, but no other.  We first copy Pat's SSH public key into the <filename
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class='directory'>keys/pat</filename> directory in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.  This tells mercurial-server about Pat's key, but gives Pat no access to anything because the key is not under either <filename
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class='directory'>keys/root</filename> or <filename
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class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  To grant this key access, we must give mercurial-server a new access rule, so we create a file in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> called <filename>access.conf</filename>, with the following contents:</para>
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<programlisting># Give Pat access to the "widget" repository
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write repo=widget user=pat/*
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Pat will have read and write access to the <filename
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class='directory'>widget</filename> repository as soon as we add, commit, and push these files.
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</para>
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<para>
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Placing the same key in multiple directories will <emphasis>not</emphasis>
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grant that user multiple powers.  One of the locations will be used for
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all permission checks, while any others will be ignored.  Instead, put each
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key under the keys directory only once, and use
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<filename>access.conf</filename> to give permissions to the key.
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</para>
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<para>
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Each line of <filename>access.conf</filename> has the following syntax:
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</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>rule</replaceable> <replaceable>condition</replaceable> <replaceable>condition...</replaceable>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Blank lines and lines that start with <code>#</code> are ignored. Rule is
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one of
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<literal>init</literal>: allow reads, writes, publish (move the phase
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of a chageset to "public"), and the creation of new repositories
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>publish</literal>: allow reads, writes and publish changesets
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>write</literal>: allow reads and writes (ie. create draft changesets)
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>read</literal>: allow only read operations
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<literal>deny</literal>: deny all requests
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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  The distinction between "write" and "publish" access levels is only
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  meaningful for non-publishing repositories, in which case, the
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  "write" access level allows a user to push "draft" changesets, but
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  not to change their phase to "public". This latter operation require
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  the "publish" access level.
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</para>
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<para>
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A condition is a globpattern matched against a relative path. The two most
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important conditions are
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<code>user=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the user's key
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<code>repo=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the repository
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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<code>*</code> only matches one directory level, where <code>**</code>
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matches as many as you want. More precisely, <code>*</code> matches zero or
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more characters not including <code>/</code> while <code>**</code> matches
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zero or more characters including <code>/</code>. So
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<code>projects/*</code> matches <filename
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class='directory'>projects/foo</filename> but not <filename
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class='directory'>projects/foo/bar</filename>, while
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<code>projects/**</code> matches both.
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</para>
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<para>
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When considering a request, mercurial-server steps through all the rules in
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<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and then all the
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rules in <filename>access.conf</filename> in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>
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looking for a rule which matches on every condition. The first match
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determines whether the request will be allowed; if there is no match in
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either file, the request will be denied.
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</para>
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<para>
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By default, <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> has the
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following rules:
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</para>
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<programlisting>init user=root/**
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deny repo=hgadmin
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write user=users/**
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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These rules ensure that root users can do any operation on any repository,
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that no other users can access the <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository,
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and that those with keys in <filename
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class='directory'>keys/users</filename> can read or write to any repository
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but not create repositories.  Some examples of how these rules work:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> creates a repository
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<filename class='directory'>foo/bar/baz</filename>. This matches the first
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rule and so will be allowed.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> changes repository
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<filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. Again, this matches the
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first rule and so will be allowed; later rules have no effect.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to read
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repository <filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. This does not
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match the first rule, but matches the second, and so will be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to create
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repository <filename class='directory'>sams-project</filename>. This does
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not match the first two rules, but matches the third; this is a
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<literal>write</literal> rule, which doesn't grant the privilege to create
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repositories, so the request will be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> writes to existing
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repository <filename class='directory'>projects/main</filename>. Again,
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this matches the third rule, which allows the request.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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User <filename class='directory'>pat</filename> tries to write to existing
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repository <filename class='directory'>widget</filename>. Until we change
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the <filename>access.conf</filename> file in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, this will match no rule, and so will
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be denied.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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Any request from a user whose key not under the <filename
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class='directory'>keys</filename> directory at all will always be denied,
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no matter what rules are in effect; because of the way SSH authentication
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works, they will be prompted to enter a password, but no password will
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work. This can't be changed.
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>/etc/mercurial-server and hgadmin</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server consults two distinct locations to collect information about what to allow: <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> and its own <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.  This is useful for several reasons:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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Some users may not need the convenience of access control via mercurial; for these users updating <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> may offer a simpler route.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> is suitable
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for management with tools such as <link
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xlink:href="http://reductivelabs.com/products/puppet">Puppet</link>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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If a change to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> leaves you "locked out", <filename
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class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> allows you a way back in.
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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At install time, all users are "locked out", and so some mechanism to allow some users in is needed.
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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Rules in <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> are checked before those in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and keys in <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> will be present no matter how <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> changes.
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</para>
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<para>
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We anticipate that once mercurial-server is successfully installed and
154
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working you will usually want to use <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> for most
125
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access control tasks. Once you have the right keys and
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<filename>access.conf</filename> set up in <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, you
125
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can delete <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and all
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of <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>,
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turning control entirely over to <filename
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class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.
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</para>
127
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<para>
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c4c3facf5d6b Switch to remote-hgrc.d
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<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/remote-hgrc.d</filename> is in the
127
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<systemitem>HGRCPATH</systemitem> for all remote access to mercurial-server
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repositories. This directory contains the hooks that mercurial-server uses for
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access control and logging. You can add hooks to this directory, but obviously
127
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breaking the existing hooks will disable the relevant functionality and
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isn't advisable.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>File and branch conditions</title>
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<para>
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mercurial-server supports file and branch conditions, which restrict an
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operation depending on what files it modifies and what branch the work is
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on. </para>
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<caution>
128
b1610de4b6b1 Reword caution
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The way these conditions work is subtle and can be counterintuitive. Unless
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you need what they provide, ignore this section, stick to user and repo
140
0f79d1bea07e Beef up the caution
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conditions, and then things are likely to work the way you would expect. If
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you do need what they provide, read what follows very carefully.
121
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</caution>
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<para>
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File and branch conditions are added to the conditions against which a rule
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matches, just like user and repo conditions; they have this form:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<code>file=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: file within the repo
121
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<code>branch=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: Mercurial branch name
121
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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   375
However, in order to understand what effect adding these conditions will
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diff changeset
   376
have, it helps to understand how and when these rules are applied.
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diff changeset
   377
</para>
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   378
<para>
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diff changeset
   379
The rules file is used to make three decisions:
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diff changeset
   380
</para>
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diff changeset
   381
<itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   382
<listitem>
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diff changeset
   383
Whether to allow a repository to be created
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diff changeset
   384
</listitem>
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   385
<listitem>
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diff changeset
   386
Whether to allow any access to a repository
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diff changeset
   387
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   388
<listitem>
139
b7e78f9705e6 There are only three decisions, honest
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diff changeset
   389
Whether to allow a changeset
121
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diff changeset
   390
</listitem>
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   391
</itemizedlist>
120
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   392
<para>
121
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diff changeset
   393
When the first two of these decisions are being made, nothing is known
139
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diff changeset
   394
about any changsets that might be pushed, and so all file and branch
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diff changeset
   395
conditions automatically succeed for the purpose of such decisions. For the
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diff changeset
   396
third condition, every file changed in the changeset must be allowed by a
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diff changeset
   397
<literal>write</literal> or <literal>init</literal> rule for the changeset
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parents: 138
diff changeset
   398
to be allowed.
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parents: 138
diff changeset
   399
</para>
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parents: 138
diff changeset
   400
<para>
b7e78f9705e6 There are only three decisions, honest
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parents: 138
diff changeset
   401
This means that doing tricky things with file conditions can have
b7e78f9705e6 There are only three decisions, honest
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parents: 138
diff changeset
   402
counterintuitive consequences:
121
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   403
</para>
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   404
<itemizedlist>
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   405
<listitem>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   406
<para>You cannot limit read access to a subset of a repository with a <literal>read</literal>
121
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   407
rule and a file condition: any user who has access to a repository can read
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parents: 120
diff changeset
   408
all of it and its full history. Such a rule can only have the effect of
149
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parents: 148
diff changeset
   409
masking a later <literal>write</literal> rule, as in this example:</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
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parents: 143
diff changeset
   410
<programlisting>read repo=specialrepo file=dontwritethis
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parents: 143
diff changeset
   411
write repo=specialrepo
121
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diff changeset
   412
</programlisting>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   413
<para>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   414
allows all users to read <literal>specialrepo</literal>, and to write to all files
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   415
<emphasis>except</emphasis> that any changeset which writes to
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   416
<filename>dontwritethis</filename> will be rejected.
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   417
</para>
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   418
</listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   419
<listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   420
For similar reasons, don't give <literal>init</literal> rules file conditions.
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   421
</listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   422
<listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   423
<para>Don't try to deny write access to a particular file on a particular
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   424
branch&#x2014;a developer can write to the file on another branch and then merge
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   425
it in. Either deny all writes to the branch from that user, or allow them
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   426
to write to all the files they can write to on any branch.
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   427
</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 143
diff changeset
   428
<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs file=docs/*
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   429
</programlisting>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   430
<para>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   431
This rule grants users whose keys are in the <filename
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   432
class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to push changesets
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   433
into any repository only if those changesets are on the
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   434
<literal>docs</literal> branch and they affect only those files directly
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   435
under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory. However,
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   436
the rules below have more counterintuitive consequences.
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   437
</para>
144
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 143
diff changeset
   438
<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 143
diff changeset
   439
write user=docs/* file=docs/*
2dbaddde1fd5 programlisting also needs no initial blank lines
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 143
diff changeset
   440
read user=docs/*
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   441
</programlisting>
149
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   442
<para>
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   443
These rules grant users whose keys are in the <filename
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   444
class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to change any file directly under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory, or any file at all in the <literal>docs</literal> branch.  Indirectly, however, this adds up to the power to change any file on any branch, simply by making the change on the docs branch and then merging the change into another branch.
dc4ed4edb458 Improvements to file conditions section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 148
diff changeset
   445
</para>
121
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   446
</listitem>
62185dc7d0c9 Document file and branch conditions in Docbook
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 120
diff changeset
   447
</itemizedlist>
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   448
</section>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   449
</section>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   450
<section>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   451
<title>In detail</title>
252
75acaf1b1216 Add section on logging, merge later sections
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 238
diff changeset
   452
<section>
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   453
<title>How mercurial-server works</title>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   454
<para>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   455
All of the repositories controlled by mercurial-server are owned by a
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   456
single user, the <systemitem
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   457
class="username">hg</systemitem> user, which is why all URLs for
155
3bff97f72a33 ssh:// is the start of a URI
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 154
diff changeset
   458
mercurial-server repositories start with <uri>ssh://hg@...</uri>.
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   459
Each SSH key that has access to the repository has an entry in
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   460
<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>; this is how the SSH daemon
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   461
knows to give that key access. When the user connects over SSH, their
150
02b464a6b433 Improvements to how it works section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 149
diff changeset
   462
commands are run in a custom restricted shell; this shell knows which key
02b464a6b433 Improvements to how it works section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 149
diff changeset
   463
was used to connect, determines what the user is trying to do, checks the
02b464a6b433 Improvements to how it works section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 149
diff changeset
   464
access rules to decide whether to allow it, and if allowed invokes
02b464a6b433 Improvements to how it works section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 149
diff changeset
   465
Mercurial internally, without forking.
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   466
</para>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   467
<para>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   468
This restricted shell also ensures that certain Mercurial extensions are
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   469
loaded when the user acts on a repository; these extensions check the
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   470
access control rules for any changeset that the user tries to commit, and
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   471
log all pushes and pulls into a per-repository access log.
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   472
</para>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   473
<para>
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   474
<command>refresh-auth</command> recurses through the <filename
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   475
class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> and the <filename
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   476
class='directory'>keys</filename> directory in the
154
45dac87ae794 Repository names are directories
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 153
diff changeset
   477
<filename
45dac87ae794 Repository names are directories
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 153
diff changeset
   478
class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository, creating an entry in
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   479
<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> for each one. This is redone
154
45dac87ae794 Repository names are directories
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 153
diff changeset
   480
automatically whenever a change is pushed to <filename
45dac87ae794 Repository names are directories
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 153
diff changeset
   481
class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   482
</para>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   483
</section>
126
fd7ebe95d8e5 Move how it works section later
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 125
diff changeset
   484
<section>
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   485
<title>Security</title>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   486
<para>
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   487
mercurial-server relies entirely on <command>sshd</command> to grant access to remote users.
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   488
As a result, it runs no daemons, installs no setuid programs, and no part
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   489
of it runs as <systemitem
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   490
class="username">root</systemitem> except the install process: all programs run as the user
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   491
<systemitem
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   492
class="username">hg</systemitem>. Any attack on mercurial-server can only be started if the attacker
137
5bcd5a5e4220 Tweak security para
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 136
diff changeset
   493
already has a public key in <filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>,
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   494
otherwise <command>sshd</command> will bar the way.
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   495
</para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   496
<para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   497
No matter what command the user tries to run on the remote system via SSH,
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   498
mercurial-server is run. It parses the command line the user asked for, and
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   499
interprets and runs the corresponding operation itself if access is
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   500
allowed, so users can only read and add to history within repositories;
151
5758cf47ff43 cleanups to the security section
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 150
diff changeset
   501
they cannot run any other command. In addition, every push and pull is
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   502
logged with a datestamp, changeset ID and the key that performed the
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   503
operation.
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   504
</para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   505
<para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   506
However, while the first paragraph holds no matter what bugs
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   507
mercurial-server contains, the second depends on the relevant code being
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   508
correct; though the entire codebase is short, like all software mercurial-server may harbour bugs. Backups are essential!
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   509
</para>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   510
</section>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   511
<section>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   512
<title>Logging</title>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   513
<para>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   514
Every successful access is logged in a file called
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   515
<filename>~hg/repos/<replaceable>repository</replaceable>/.hg/mercurial-server.log</filename>. This file is in YAML format for easy parsing, but if you don't like YAML, simply treat each line as a JSON data structure prepended with <code>- </code>. The log records the time as a
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   516
UTC ISO 8601 time, the operation ("push" or "pull"), the path to the key as
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   517
used in the access rules, the SSH connection information (including the source IP address), and the hex changeset IDs.
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   518
</para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 119
diff changeset
   519
</section>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   520
<section>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   521
<title>Paths and configuration</title>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   522
<para>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   523
For security reasons, all mercurial-server code runs as the <systemitem
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   524
class="username">hg</systemitem> user.  The first thing this code reads when it starts is <filename>~hg/.mercurial-server</filename>; if this file is absent or corrupt the code won't run.  This file specifies all of the file paths that mercurial-server uses.  In particular, it specifies that mercurial-server always uses <code>HGRCPATH = /etc/mercurial-server/remote-hgrc.d</code> for remote operations, overriding any system <code>HGRCPATH</code>.
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   525
</para>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   526
<para>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   527
By creating such a file with suitable entries, you can run mercurial-server as a user other than <systemitem
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   528
class="username">hg</systemitem>, or install it without root privileges; however I strongly recommend that if you need to do this, you use a user account that is used for no other purpose, and take the time to thoroughly understand how mercurial-server works before you attempt it.
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 252
diff changeset
   529
</para>
345
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   530
<para>
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   531
At install time the following <filename>~hg/.mercurial-server</filename> file is used:
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   532
</para>
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   533
<programlisting># WARNING: a .mercurial-server file in your home directory means
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   534
# that refresh-auth can and will trash your ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   535
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   536
[paths]
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   537
repos = ~/repos
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   538
authorized_keys = ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   539
keys = /etc/mercurial-server/keys:~/repos/hgadmin/keys
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   540
access = /etc/mercurial-server/access.conf:~/repos/hgadmin/access.conf
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   541
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   542
[exceptions]
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   543
# Allow the creation of mq repositories by default
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   544
allowdots = .hg/patches
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   545
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   546
[env]
f06d9816272d Documentation update
Paul Crowley <paul@lshift.net>
parents: 311
diff changeset
   547
# Use a different hgrc for remote pulls - this way you can set
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   548
# up access.py for everything at once without affecting local operations
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   549
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   550
HGRCPATH = /etc/mercurial-server/remote-hgrc.d
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   551
</programlisting>
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   552
<para>
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   553
The meaning of the entries are:
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   554
</para>
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   555
<itemizedlist>
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   556
<listitem>
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   557
<para><literal>[paths]</literal></para>
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   558
<itemizedlist>
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   559
<listitem>
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   560
<para><literal>repos</literal>: directory under which all repositories are
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   561
found. No remote user can reference any repo not under this directory.
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   562
Here and throughout this section, where a path begins with
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   563
<literal>~/</literal> the home directory is substituted - ie the
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   564
directory in which the <filename>.mercurial-server</filename> file
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diff changeset
   565
was found.</para>
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   566
</listitem>
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   567
<listitem>
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   568
<para><literal>authorized_keys</literal>: this is the file that will be rewritten
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   569
by refresh-auth, or whenever a checkin to the <literal>hgadmin</literal> repository is pushed.</para>
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   570
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   571
<listitem>
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   572
<para><literal>keys</literal>: directories to scan for keys when rewriting
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   573
<filename>authorized_keys</filename>.</para>
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diff changeset
   574
</listitem>
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   575
<listitem>
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   576
<para><literal>access</literal>: files to read to determine the access rules.
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   577
The files are effectively concatenated together in the order given.</para>
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   578
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   579
</itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   580
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   581
<listitem>
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   582
<para><literal>[exceptions]</literal></para>
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diff changeset
   583
<itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   584
<listitem>
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   585
<para><literal>allowdots</literal>: paths to allow even though they
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   586
begin with dots.  Dots at the start of a pathname component are
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   587
disallowed unless they exactly match one of the tails given in this
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diff changeset
   588
colon-separated list.  The given exception allows MQ repositories
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diff changeset
   589
to be pushed.</para>
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diff changeset
   590
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   591
</itemizedlist>
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parents: 311
diff changeset
   592
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   593
<listitem>
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diff changeset
   594
<para><literal>[env]</literal>: all entries in here are added to the Unix environment
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diff changeset
   595
when users connect.  The keys are converted to all-upper-case. </para>
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diff changeset
   596
<itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   597
<listitem>
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   598
<para><literal>HGRCPATH</literal>: set the path that Mercurial uses to search for
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diff changeset
   599
configuration files.  At install time config files are placed on this path
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diff changeset
   600
which set up access control and logging.</para>
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diff changeset
   601
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   602
</itemizedlist>
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diff changeset
   603
</listitem>
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diff changeset
   604
</itemizedlist>
252
75acaf1b1216 Add section on logging, merge later sections
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diff changeset
   605
</section>
120
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diff changeset
   606
<section>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
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diff changeset
   607
<title>License</title>
129
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diff changeset
   608
<para>
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   609
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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diff changeset
   610
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   611
Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   612
any later version.
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   613
</para>
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diff changeset
   614
<para>
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diff changeset
   615
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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diff changeset
   616
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   617
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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parents: 128
diff changeset
   618
more details.
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   619
</para>
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   620
<para>
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   621
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   622
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   623
Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
4d261ae3ba4f move legalese to the bottom
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diff changeset
   624
</para>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
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diff changeset
   625
</section>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
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diff changeset
   626
<section>
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
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diff changeset
   627
<title>Thanks</title>
120
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   628
<para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   629
Thanks for reading this far. If you use mercurial-server, please tell me about
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   630
it.
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   631
</para>
16056a9015f3 Huge update to docbook docs
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parents: 119
diff changeset
   632
<para>
359
a14142919eb3 Bump year in manual
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parents: 358
diff changeset
   633
Paul Crowley, <email>paul@lshift.net</email>, 2012
119
40a287c95661 Start work on a docbook manual
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parents:
diff changeset
   634
</para>
40a287c95661 Start work on a docbook manual
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parents:
diff changeset
   635
</section>
263
9f7ad3a71c90 Bump version number to 1.1; big documentation update; correct dates;
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diff changeset
   636
</section>
119
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parents:
diff changeset
   637
</article>