<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:lang="en"

  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">

<info>

  <title>Sharing Mercurial repositories with mercurial-server</title>

  <author><firstname>Paul</firstname><surname>Crowley</surname></author>

  <copyright><year>2008-2010</year><holder>Paul Crowley, LShift Ltd</holder></copyright>

</info>

<section>

<title>About mercurial-server</title>

<para>

Home page: <link xlink:href="http://www.lshift.net/mercurial-server.html"/>

</para>

<para>

mercurial-server gives your developers remote read/write access to

centralized <link xlink:href="http://hg-scm.org/">Mercurial</link>

repositories using SSH public key authentication; it provides convenient

and fine-grained key management and access control.

</para>

<para>

Though mercurial-server is currently targeted at Debian-based systems such

as Ubuntu, other users have reported success getting it running on other

Unix-based systems such as Red Hat. Running it on a non-Unix system such as

Windows is not supported. You will need root privileges to install it.

</para>

</section>

<section>

<title>Step by step</title>

<para>

mercurial-server authenticates users not using passwords but using SSH

public keys; everyone who wants access to a mercurial-server repository

will need such a key. In combination with <command>ssh-agent</command> (or

equivalents such as the Windows program <link

xlink:href="http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter9.html#pageant">Pageant</link>),

this means that users will not need to type in a password to access the

repository. If you're not familiar with SSH public keys, the <link

xlink:href="http://sial.org/howto/openssh/publickey-auth/">OpenSSH Public

Key Authentication tutorial</link> may be helpful.

</para>

<section>

<title>Initial access to mercurial-server</title>

<para>

In what follows, we assume that your username is <systemitem

class="username">jay</systemitem>, that you usually sit at a machine called

<systemitem class="systemname">spoon</systemitem> and you have

installed mercurial-server on <systemitem

class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem> using the package management system (see the README for more on installation). We assume that you have created your SSH public key, set up your SSH agent with this key, and that this key gives you access to <systemitem

class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>.

</para>

<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh -A jeeves</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>ssh-add -L > my-key</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo mkdir -p /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo cp my-key /etc/mercurial-server/keys/root/jay/spoon</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@jeeves:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>exit</userinput>

<computeroutput>Connection to jeeves closed.

jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>

<para>

You can now create repositories on the remote machine and have complete

read-write access to all of them.

</para>

</section>

<section>

<title>Creating repositories</title>

<para>

To store a repository on the server, clone it over.

</para>

<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd myproj</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone . ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>

<computeroutput>searching for changes

remote: adding changesets

remote: adding manifests

remote: adding file changes

remote: added 119 changesets with 284 changes to 61 files

jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg pull ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</userinput>

<computeroutput>pulling from ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project

searching for changes

no changes found

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/myproj$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd ..</userinput>

jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput></screen>

</section>

<section>

<title>Adding other users</title>

<para>

At this stage, no-one but you has any access to any repositories you

create on this system. In order to give anyone else access, you'll need a

copy of their SSH public key; we'll assume you have that key in

<filename>~/sam-saucer-key.pub</filename>.  To manage access, you make changes to the special <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.

</para>

<screen><computeroutput>jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg clone ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin</userinput>

<computeroutput>destination directory: hgadmin

no changes found

updating working directory

0 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved

jay@spoon:~$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd hgadmin</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>mkdir -p keys/users/sam</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>cp ~/sam-saucer-key.pub keys/users/sam/saucer</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg add</userinput>

<computeroutput>adding keys/users/sam/saucer

jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg commit -m "Add Sam's key"</userinput>

<computeroutput>jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput><userinput>hg push</userinput>

<computeroutput>pushing to ssh://hg@jeeves/hgadmin

searching for changes

remote: adding changesets

remote: adding manifests

remote: adding file changes

remote: added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files

jay@spoon:~/hgadmin$ </computeroutput></screen>

<para>

Sam can now read and write to your

<uri>ssh://hg@jeeves/jays/project</uri> repository.

Most other changes to access control can be made simply by making and

pushing changes to <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and you can use Mercurial to

cooperate with other root users in the normal way.

</para>

<para>

If you prefer, you could give them access by

logging into <systemitem class="systemname">jeeves</systemitem>,

putting the key in the right place under <filename

class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>, and re-running

<userinput>sudo -u hg /usr/share/mercurial-server/refresh-auth</userinput>.

However, using <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> is usually more convenient if you need to make more than a very few changes; it also makes it easier to share administration with others and provides a log of all changes.

</para>

</section>

</section>

<section>

<title>Access control</title>

<para>

Out of the box, mercurial-server supports two kinds of users: "root" users and normal users.  If you followed the steps above, you are a "root" user because your key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/root</filename>, while the other user you gave access to is a normal user since their key is under <filename class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  Keys that are not in either of these directories will by default have no access to anything.

</para>

<para>

Root users can edit <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, create new repositories and read and write to existing ones.  Normal users cannot access <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> or create new repositories, but they can read and write to any other repository.

</para>

<section>

<title>Using access.conf</title>

<para>

mercurial-server offers much more fine-grained access control than this division into two classes of users.  Let's suppose you wish to give Pat access to the <filename

class='directory'>widget</filename> repository, but no other.  We first copy Pat's SSH public key into the <filename

class='directory'>keys/pat</filename> directory in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.  This tells mercurial-server about Pat's key, but gives Pat no access to anything because the key is not under either <filename

class='directory'>keys/root</filename> or <filename

class='directory'>keys/users</filename>.  To grant this key access, we must give mercurial-server a new access rule, so we create a file in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> called <filename>access.conf</filename>, with the following contents:</para>

<programlisting># Give Pat access to the "widget" repository

write repo=widget user=pat/*

</programlisting>

<para>

Pat will have read and write access to the <filename

class='directory'>widget</filename> repository as soon as we add, commit, and push these files.

</para>

<para>

Each line of <filename>access.conf</filename> has the following syntax:

</para>

<programlisting><replaceable>rule</replaceable> <replaceable>condition</replaceable> <replaceable>condition...</replaceable>

</programlisting>

<para>

Blank lines and lines that start with <code>#</code> are ignored. Rule is

one of

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

<literal>init</literal>: allow reads, writes, and the creation of new repositories

</listitem>

<listitem>

<literal>write</literal>: allow reads and writes

</listitem>

<listitem>

<literal>read</literal>: allow only read operations

</listitem>

<listitem>

<literal>deny</literal>: deny all requests

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

A condition is a globpattern matched against a relative path. The two most

important conditions are

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

<code>user=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the user's key

</listitem>

<listitem>

<code>repo=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: path to the repository

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

<code>*</code> only matches one directory level, where <code>**</code>

matches as many as you want. More precisely, <code>*</code> matches zero or

more characters not including <code>/</code> while <code>**</code> matches

zero or more characters including <code>/</code>. So

<code>projects/*</code> matches <filename

class='directory'>projects/foo</filename> but not <filename

class='directory'>projects/foo/bar</filename>, while

<code>projects/**</code> matches both.

</para>

<para>

When considering a request, mercurial-server steps through all the rules in

<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and then all the

rules in <filename>access.conf</filename> in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>

looking for a rule which matches on every condition. The first match

determines whether the request will be allowed; if there is no match in

either file, the request will be denied.

</para>

<para>

By default, <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> has the

following rules:

</para>

<programlisting>init user=root/**

deny repo=hgadmin

write user=users/**

</programlisting>

<para>

These rules ensure that root users can do any operation on any repository,

that no other users can access the <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository,

and that those with keys in <filename

class='directory'>keys/users</filename> can read or write to any repository

but not create repositories.  Some examples of how these rules work:

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> creates a repository

<filename class='directory'>foo/bar/baz</filename>. This matches the first

rule and so will be allowed.

</listitem>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>root/jay</filename> changes repository

<filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. Again, this matches the

first rule and so will be allowed; later rules have no effect.

</listitem>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to read

repository <filename class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>. This does not

match the first rule, but matches the second, and so will be denied.

</listitem>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> tries to create

repository <filename class='directory'>sams-project</filename>. This does

not match the first two rules, but matches the third; this is a

<literal>write</literal> rule, which doesn't grant the privilege to create

repositories, so the request will be denied.

</listitem>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>users/sam</filename> writes to existing

repository <filename class='directory'>projects/main</filename>. Again,

this matches the third rule, which allows the request.

</listitem>

<listitem>

User <filename class='directory'>pat</filename> tries to write to existing

repository <filename class='directory'>widget</filename>. Until we change

the <filename>access.conf</filename> file in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, this will match no rule, and so will

be denied.

</listitem>

<listitem>

Any request from a user whose key not under the <filename

class='directory'>keys</filename> directory at all will always be denied,

no matter what rules are in effect; because of the way SSH authentication

works, they will be prompted to enter a password, but no password will

work. This can't be changed.

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

</section>

<section>

<title>/etc/mercurial-server and hgadmin</title>

<para>

mercurial-server consults two distinct locations to collect information about what to allow: <filename

class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> and its own <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository.  This is useful for several reasons:

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

Some users may not need the convenience of access control via mercurial; for these users updating <filename

class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> may offer a simpler route.

</listitem>

<listitem>

<filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> is suitable

for management with tools such as <link

xlink:href="http://reductivelabs.com/products/puppet">Puppet</link>

</listitem>

<listitem>

If a change to <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> leaves you "locked out", <filename

class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server</filename> allows you a way back in.

</listitem>

<listitem>

At install time, all users are "locked out", and so some mechanism to allow some users in is needed.

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

Rules in <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> are checked before those in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, and keys in <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> will be present no matter how <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> changes.

</para>

<para>

We anticipate that once mercurial-server is successfully installed and

working you will usually want to use <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> for most

access control tasks. Once you have the right keys and

<filename>access.conf</filename> set up in <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>, you

can delete <filename>/etc/mercurial-server/access.conf</filename> and all

of <filename class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename>,

turning control entirely over to <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.

</para>

<para>

<filename>/etc/mercurial-server/remote-hgrc.d</filename> is in the

<systemitem>HGRCPATH</systemitem> for all remote access to mercurial-server

repositories. This directory contains the hooks that mercurial-server uses for

access control and logging. You can add hooks to this directory, but obviously

breaking the existing hooks will disable the relevant functionality and

isn't advisable.

</para>

</section>

<section>

<title>File and branch conditions</title>

<para>

mercurial-server supports file and branch conditions, which restrict an

operation depending on what files it modifies and what branch the work is

on. </para>

<caution>

The way these conditions work is subtle and can be counterintuitive. Unless

you need what they provide, ignore this section, stick to user and repo

conditions, and then things are likely to work the way you would expect. If

you do need what they provide, read what follows very carefully.

</caution>

<para>

File and branch conditions are added to the conditions against which a rule

matches, just like user and repo conditions; they have this form:

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

<code>file=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: file within the repo

</listitem>

<listitem>

<code>branch=<replaceable>globpattern</replaceable></code>: Mercurial branch name

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

However, in order to understand what effect adding these conditions will

have, it helps to understand how and when these rules are applied.

</para>

<para>

The rules file is used to make three decisions:

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

Whether to allow a repository to be created

</listitem>

<listitem>

Whether to allow any access to a repository

</listitem>

<listitem>

Whether to allow a changeset

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

When the first two of these decisions are being made, nothing is known

about any changsets that might be pushed, and so all file and branch

conditions automatically succeed for the purpose of such decisions. For the

third condition, every file changed in the changeset must be allowed by a

<literal>write</literal> or <literal>init</literal> rule for the changeset

to be allowed.

</para>

<para>

This means that doing tricky things with file conditions can have

counterintuitive consequences:

</para>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>

<para>You cannot limit read access to a subset of a repository with a <literal>read</literal>

rule and a file condition: any user who has access to a repository can read

all of it and its full history. Such a rule can only have the effect of

masking a later <literal>write</literal> rule, as in this example:</para>

<programlisting>read repo=specialrepo file=dontwritethis

write repo=specialrepo

</programlisting>

<para>

allows all users to read <literal>specialrepo</literal>, and to write to all files

<emphasis>except</emphasis> that any changeset which writes to

<filename>dontwritethis</filename> will be rejected.

</para>

</listitem>

<listitem>

For similar reasons, don't give <literal>init</literal> rules file conditions.

</listitem>

<listitem>

<para>Don't try to deny write access to a particular file on a particular

branch—a developer can write to the file on another branch and then merge

it in. Either deny all writes to the branch from that user, or allow them

to write to all the files they can write to on any branch.

</para>

<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs file=docs/*

</programlisting>

<para>

This rule grants users whose keys are in the <filename

class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to push changesets

into any repository only if those changesets are on the

<literal>docs</literal> branch and they affect only those files directly

under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory. However,

the rules below have more counterintuitive consequences.

</para>

<programlisting>write user=docs/* branch=docs

write user=docs/* file=docs/*

read user=docs/*

</programlisting>

<para>

These rules grant users whose keys are in the <filename

class='directory'>docs</filename> subdirectory the power to change any file directly under the <filename class='directory'>docs</filename> directory, or any file at all in the <literal>docs</literal> branch.  Indirectly, however, this adds up to the power to change any file on any branch, simply by making the change on the docs branch and then merging the change into another branch.

</para>

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

</section>

</section>

<section>

<title>In detail</title>

<section>

<title>How mercurial-server works</title>

<para>

All of the repositories controlled by mercurial-server are owned by a

single user, the <systemitem

class="username">hg</systemitem> user, which is why all URLs for

mercurial-server repositories start with <uri>ssh://hg@...</uri>.

Each SSH key that has access to the repository has an entry in

<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>; this is how the SSH daemon

knows to give that key access. When the user connects over SSH, their

commands are run in a custom restricted shell; this shell knows which key

was used to connect, determines what the user is trying to do, checks the

access rules to decide whether to allow it, and if allowed invokes

Mercurial internally, without forking.

</para>

<para>

This restricted shell also ensures that certain Mercurial extensions are

loaded when the user acts on a repository; these extensions check the

access control rules for any changeset that the user tries to commit, and

log all pushes and pulls into a per-repository access log.

</para>

<para>

<command>refresh-auth</command> recurses through the <filename

class='directory'>/etc/mercurial-server/keys</filename> and the <filename

class='directory'>keys</filename> directory in the

<filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename> repository, creating an entry in

<filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> for each one. This is redone

automatically whenever a change is pushed to <filename

class='directory'>hgadmin</filename>.

</para>

</section>

<section>

<title>Security</title>

<para>

mercurial-server relies entirely on <command>sshd</command> to grant access to remote users.

As a result, it runs no daemons, installs no setuid programs, and no part

of it runs as <systemitem

class="username">root</systemitem> except the install process: all programs run as the user

<systemitem

class="username">hg</systemitem>. Any attack on mercurial-server can only be started if the attacker

already has a public key in <filename>~hg/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>,

otherwise <command>sshd</command> will bar the way.

</para>

<para>

No matter what command the user tries to run on the remote system via SSH,

mercurial-server is run. It parses the command line the user asked for, and

interprets and runs the corresponding operation itself if access is

allowed, so users can only read and add to history within repositories;

they cannot run any other command. In addition, every push and pull is

logged with a datestamp, changeset ID and the key that performed the

operation.

</para>

<para>

However, while the first paragraph holds no matter what bugs

mercurial-server contains, the second depends on the relevant code being

correct; though the entire codebase is short, like all software mercurial-server may harbour bugs. Backups are essential!

</para>

</section>

<section>

<title>Logging</title>

<para>